SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATC
SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATC
- Sentence
Sentence is a grammatical unit of one or more words, bearing minimal
semantic relation to the words that precede or follow it. Often precede and
followed in speech by pauses. Having one of a small number of characteristic
intonation pattern, and typically expressing an independent statement,
question, request, command, etc.
In other hand said that sentence is
a group of words that make complete sense. Sentence is also a group of words
that used to communicate the ideas in writing or in speech. Sentence is
complete independent unit of thought and consist of two main parts : a subject
and a predicate. The subject is the word or words that names person, thing or
place that sentences is about . the subject is usually noun or pronoun. The
predicate makes a statement about the subject.
The predicate makes a statement
about the subject. It consist of a verb and its modifier or complements. Complement
is a word or words that used to complete the meaning of the verb. So the
elements of sentence is can be subject (S), verb (V), object (O), or complement
can be adverb (adv) or adjective (adj). look the example :
- Baby cries ( S V)
- Lucky plays basketball ( S V O )
- Tia goes there ( S V C )
- Putra is clever ( S V C )
- I went to market yesterday ( S V O Adv )
Basically, the
sentences can be distinguished into four kinds; they are :
- Simple sentences
- Compound sentence
- Complex sentence
- Compound complex sentence
Based on the intonation, meaning and the use of sentence the sentence can
also be divided into five kinds ;
- Affirmative
- Negative sentence
- Interrogative sentence
- Imperative sentence
- Exclamatory sentence
- Sense
The interceptive sense is a faculty by which outside stimuli are
perceived. The traditional five sense are sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste :
a classification attributed to Aristotle different senses also exist in other
organism, for example electroreception.
A broadly acceptable definition of a
sense would be : “a system that consist of a group sensory cell type that
responds to a specific physical phenomenon, and that correspond to a particular
group of regions within the brain where the signal are received and
interpreted”. Disputes about the number of senses. Arise typically regarding
the classification of the various cell types and their mapping to regions of
the brain
- Sight or vision is the ability of the brain and eye to detect electromagnetic waves within the visible range (Light) interpreting the image as “sight”
- Hearing or audition is the sense of sound perception. Since sound is vibrations propagating through a medium such as air, the detection of these vibrations.
- Taste or gestation is one of the two main “Chemical” sense.
- Smell or olfaction is the other :chemical”
- Touch is also called tactition is the sense of pressure perception, generally in the skin.
Sense can be divided into two areas
: speaker sense and linguistic sense. Speaker sense is the speaker’s intention
in producing some linguistic expression. For example : if I utter the sentence
Fred is a real genius sarcastically, then the speaker sense of the sentence
might be “Fred is below average in intelligence”
Linguistic sense is the meaning of a
linguistic expression as part of a language. For example, if the sentence Fred
is a real genius means literally something like ‘Fred has a truly superior
intellect’ then the linguistic sense, in contrast to speaker sense, is within
the domain of semantics, since it deals solely with literal meaning and is
independent of speaker, hearer and situational context.
- Utterance
An utterance is a complete unit of speech in spoken language. It is
generally but not always bounded by silence.
It can be represented and delineated
in written language in many ways. Note that utterances do not exist in written
language, only their representation do. Speech act is a technical term in
linguistic and the philosophy of language. Precise conceptions vary, but very
roughly any meaningful utterance counts as a speech act.
e.g. Direct and
speech
He says “I will
go to Medan ”.
- Preposition
A preposition is that part of the meaning of clause or sentence that is
constant; despite changes in such things as the voice or illocutionary force of
the clause. A preposition may be related to other units of its kind through
inter preposition relations, such as temporal relations and logical relations.
The meaning of the term preposition
is extended by some analysis to include the meaning content of units within the
clause.
Example : The
tall, stately building, fell is said to express preposition corresponding to
the following :
-
The building is tall
-
The building is stately
-
The building fell.
The common
content of each on the following utterances is a preposition :
-
Andi ate banana
-
The banana was eaten by Andi
-
Did Andi eat the banana?
-
Andi eat the banana.
-
All these utterance may be
analyzed as consisting of a predicate naming an event or state and one or more
arguments naming referents that participation is that event or state.
-
The activity is eat
-
The agent is Andi
-
The patient is a banana.
- Metafunction
Metafunction of language is mean as language function in using language
by native speaker. In each interaction between user of language and native
using language to explain ; vary and attach or organize the experience. With
the third function of language in human lifes, language often we called have
three function in communication, that are explain vary and attachor the
experience in each techniques, called ideational function, interpersonal
function and textual function (Hallday, 1994, xiii, Eggins, 1994, 3) with the
third function, language mean to bring three meanings, that are experience
meaning (ideational meaning) the meaning between personal or the vary meaning (interpersonal
meaning) and attach or organization (textual meaning)
Metafunction (discourse Analysis)
- Ideational function
a.
experiental meaning
b.
logical function
- Interpersonal Function
- Textual Function.
- Experiental
Function
Experiental function is language or clause as represential experience.
The Elements are :
1)
Process is doing by word verbal (kata
kerja)
-
Material is doing by fisik
-
Mental is doing by thinking or
feeling : cannot Ving
-
Relational is divide into three
that is identifying, attributive and possessive
-
Verbal is process of saying
-
Behavioral
-
Existensial is usually using that
or process of existent.
2)
Participant is talked by process
3)
Circimtances
a.
Extent is sign of location and
temporal as how far and how long
b.
Spatial is sign of where and when
c.
Manner : How
d.
Accompeniement : with when
e.
Contingency : in what circumstance
f.
Role : as what
g.
Cause : why
h.
Matter : about what
i.
Angel : based on whom ? what?
- Interpersonal
Function
Interpersonal Function is clause as a unit of exchange. Speech function
divide into two that is ;
- declarative is to offer
- Interrogative is to imperative
Locutinary divide into two that is ;
a.
Statement
b.
Question is to command
e.g.
v
He goes (Statement
Declarative)
v
He doesn’t go (S. D)
v
Does he go (Question
imperative)
v
Go (causative imperative)
v
I have you go (statement
imperative)
v
You can go (C. O)
The element of
interpersonal
a.
Mood as subject and finite
b.
Residu as predicator, complement
and adjunct
For example for
statement declarative :
John
|
loves
|
the
Lady
|
so
much
|
|
Part
I Sensor
|
Process
Mental
|
Part
II Phenomenon
|
Circumtance
manner
|
|
Subject
|
Does
|
Love
|
Complement
|
Adjunct
|
Finite
|
Predicator
|
|||
Mood
|
Residu
|
|
|
Offer
interrogative
[You]
|
Don’t
Let
|
me
|
down
|
Part
I
Sensor
|
Pro
|
Part II
Phenomenon
|
cess
|
Men
|
tal
|
||
|
Finite
|
Pre
|
dicator
|
|
Mood
|
Residu
|
|
- Textual
Function
Textual Function is clause as a unit of message organize message,
relativance to context (linguistic and social). Clause as a unit of message is
continued by theme and rheme
Theme and Rheme
Theme is the starting point of the message and point of departure of the
message. Rheme is the test of the message. Theme identifyied by order and
marker. The theme is conflated with or mapped on the subject otherwise marked
(there must be reason for this).
e.g.
- Meriam picked up the flowers yesterday (unmarked)
- Yesterday Meriam picked up the flowers (Marked)
- The reason comportable with context.